The first edition of this monograph, presenting accurate and efficient simulations of seismic damage to buildings and cities, has received significant attention from the research community. To keep abreast of the rapid development in recent years, our latest breakthrough achievements have been added to this new edition, including novel resilient structural components, secondary disaster simulations, emergency responses and resilient recovery of communities after earthquake.

Gathering the proceedings of the 14th CHAOS2021 International Conference, this book highlights recent developments in nonlinear, dynamical and complex systems. The conference was intended to provide an essential forum for Scientists and Engineers to exchange ideas, methods, and techniques in the field of Nonlinear Dynamics, Chaos, Fractals and their applications in General Science and the Engineering Sciences.
The respective chapters address key methods, empirical data and computer techniques, as well as major theoretical advances in the applied nonlinear field. Beyond showcasing the state of the art, the book will help academic and industrial researchers alike apply chaotic theory in their studies.

This book consists of selected peer-reviewed papers presented at the NAFEMS India Regional Conference (NIRC 2018). It covers current topics related to advances in computer aided design and manufacturing. The book focuses on the latest developments in engineering modelling and simulation, and its application to various complex engineering systems. Finite element method/finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, and additive manufacturing are some of the key topics covered in this book. The book aims to provide a better understanding of contemporary product design and analyses, and hence will be useful for researchers, academicians, and professionals.

Science is a way of looking, reverencing. And the purpose of all science, like living, which amounts to the same thing, is not the ac­ cumulation of gnostic power, the fixing of formulas for the name of God, the stockpiling of brutal efficiency, accomplishing the sadistic myth of progress. The purpose of science is to revive and cultivate a perpetual state of wonder. For nothing deserves wonder so much as our capacity to experience it. Roald Hoffman and Shira Leibowitz Schmidt, in Old Wine, New Flasks: Re. flections on Science and Jewish Tradition (W. H. Freeman, 1997). Challenges in Teaching Molecular Modeling This textbook evolved from a graduate course termed Molecular Modeling intro­ duced in the fall of 1996 at New York University. The primary goal of the course is to stimulate excitement for molecular modeling research - much in the spirit of Hoffman and Leibowitz Schmidt above - while providing grounding in the discipline. Such knowledge is valuable for research dealing with many practical problems in both the acadernic and industrial sectors, from developing treatments for AIDS (via inhibitors to the protease enzyme of the human imrnunodeficiency virus, HIV-1) to designing potatoes that yie1d spot-free potato chips (via trans­ genic potatoes with altered carbohydrate metabolism). In the course of writing xii Preface this text, the notes have expanded to function also as an introduction to the field for scientists in other disciplines by providing a global perspective into problems and approaches, rather than a comprehensive survey.

Low-dimensional semiconductors have become a vital part of today's semiconductor physics, and excitons in these systems are ideal objects that bring textbook quantum mechanics to life. Furthermore, their theoretical understanding is important for experiments and optoelectronic devices. The author develops the effective-mass theory of excitons in low-dimensional semiconductors and describes numerical methods for calculating the optical absorption including Coulomb interaction, geometry, and external fields. The theory is applied to Fano resonances in low-dimensional semiconductors and the Zener breakdown in superlattices. Comparing theoretical results with experiments, the book is essentially self-contained; it is a hands-on approach with detailed derivations, worked examples, illustrative figures, and computer programs. The book is clearly structured and will be valuable as an advanced-level self-study or course book for graduate students, lecturers, and researchers.

Although it has been considered difficult to make further contributions in the field of mechanics, the spectacular evolution of technology and numerical calculation techniques has made these opinions shift, and increasingly sophisticated models have been developed, which should predict, as accurately as possible, the phenomena that take place in dynamic systems. Therefore, researchers have come to study mechanical systems with complicated behavior using experiments and computer models [ 1 – 3 ]. The key requirement is that the system is nonlinear in its form. The impetus in mechanics and dynamical systems has come from many sources: computer simulation, experimental science, mathematics, and modeling [ 4 – 7 ]. There is a wide range of influences. Computer experiments change the way in which we analyze these systems. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, modeling mechanical systems, new methods in dynamic systems, the behavior simulation of a mechanical system, nonlinear systems, multibody systems with elastic elements, multi- degrees of freedom, mechanical systems, experimental modal analysis, and mechanics of materials.

The aim of this book is twofold: to provide an introduction for newcomers to state of the art computer simulation techniques in space plasma physics and an overview of current developments. Computer simulation has reached a stage where it can be a highly useful tool for guiding theory and for making predictions of space plasma phenomena, ranging from microscopic to global scales. The various articles are arranged, as much as possible, according to the - derlying simulation technique, starting with the technique that makes the least number of assumptions: a fully kinetic approach which solves the coupled set of Maxwell’s equations for the electromagnetic ?eld and the equations of motion for a very large number of charged particles (electrons and ions) in this ?eld. Clearly, this is also the computationally most demanding model. Therefore, even with present day high performance computers, it is the most restrictive in terms of the space and time domain and the range of particle parameters that can be covered by the simulation experiments. It still makes sense, therefore, to also use models, which due to their simp- fying assumptions, seem less realistic, although the e?ect of these assumptions on the outcome of the simulation experiments needs to be carefully assessed.

In this book, we describe in detail a numerical method to study the equilibrium and stability of a plasma confined by a strong magnetic field in toroidal geometry without two-dimensional symmetry. The principal appli­ cation is to stellarators, which are currently of interest in thermonuclear fusion research. Our mathematical model is based on the partial differential equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics. The main contribution is a computer code named BETA that is listed in the final chapter. This work is the natural continuation of an investigation that was presented in an early volume of the Springer Series in Computational Physics (cf. [3]). It has been supported over a period of years by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-76ER03077 with New York University. We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Franz Herrnegger for the assistance he has given us with the preparation of the manuscript.

This book addresses hybrid simulation of plasmas; it is aimed at developing insight into the essence of plasma behavior. Major current applications are to astrophysical and space plasmas. Some applications are connected with active experiments in space. However, hybrid simulations are also being used to gain an understanding of basic plasma phenomena such as particle acceleration by shocks, magnetic field reconnect ion in neutral current sheets, generation of waves by beams, mass loading of the supersonic flow by heavy pickup ions and the dynamics of tangential discontinuities. Such simulations may be very important not only for the study of the astrophysical plasmas, but also for the study of the magnetically and inertially contained fusion plasmas, and other laboratory plasma devices. Plasma is the fourth state of matter, consisting of electrons, ions and 4 neutral atoms, usually at temperatures above 10 K. The stars and sun are plasmas; the local interstellar medium, the solar wind, magnetospheres and ionospheres of planets and comets, Van-Allen belts, etc., are all plasmas. Indeed, much of the known matter in the universe is plasma.

The aim of this book is to describe contemporary analytical and semi­ analytical techniques for solving typical celestial-mechanics problems. The word "techniques" is used here as a term intermediate between "methods" and "recipes". One often conceives some method of solution of a problem as a general mathematical tool, while not taking much care with its computa­ tional realization. On the other hand, the word "recipes" may nowadays be understood in the sense of the well-known book Numerical Recipes (Press et al. , 1992), where it means both algorithms and their specific program realiza­ tion in Fortran, C or Pascal. Analytical recipes imply the use of some general or specialized computer algebra system (CAS). The number of different CAS currently employed in celestial mechanics is too large to specify just a few of the most preferable systems. Besides, it seems reasonable not to mix the essence of any algorithm with its particular program implementation. For these reasons, the analytical techniques of this book are to be regarded as algorithms to be implemented in different ways depending on the hardware and software available. The book was preceded by Analytical Algorithms of Celestial Mechanics by the same author, published in Russian in 1980. In spite of there being much common between these books, the present one is in fact a new mono­ graph.

This book contains a selection of the papers that were presented at the EUROMECH colloquium on particle-laden flow held at the University of Twente in 2006. The multiscale nature of this challenging field motivated the calling of the colloquium and reflects the central importance that the dispersion of particles in a flow has in various geophysical and environmental problems. The spreading of aerosols and soot in the air, the growth and dispersion of plankton blooms in seas and oceans, or the transport of sediment in rivers, estuaries and coastal regions are striking examples.

Continuous System Simulation describes systematically and methodically how mathematical models of dynamic systems, usually described by sets of either ordinary or partial differential equations possibly coupled with algebraic equations, can be simulated on a digital computer.

Current biological research demands the extensive use of sophisticated mathematical methods and computer-aided analysis of experiments and data. This highly interdisciplinary volume focuses on structural, dynamical and functional aspects of cellular systems and presents corresponding experiments and mathematical models. The book may serve as an introduction for biologists, mathematicians and physicists to key questions in cellular systems which can be studied with mathematical models. Recent model approaches are presented with applications in cellular metabolism, intra- and intercellular signaling, cellular mechanics, network dynamics and pattern formation. In addition, applied issues such as tumor cell growth, dynamics of the immune system and biotechnology are included.