Neville Agnew, "Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road"
Neville Agnew, "Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road"
Publisher: Getty Conservation Inst | 2010 | ISBN: 1606060139 | English | PDF | 516 pages | 22.5 Mb
Publisher: Getty Conservation Inst | 2010 | ISBN: 1606060139 | English | PDF | 516 pages | 22.5 Mb
The Mogao grottoes, a World Heritage Site near the town of Dunhuang in western China, are located on the edge of the Gobi Desert, along the ancient caravan routes—collectively known as the Silk Road—that once linked China with the West. Founded by Buddhist monks as an isolated monastery in the late fourth century, Mogao grew gradually over the following millennium, as monks, local rulers, and travelers carved hundreds of cave temples into a mile-long rock cliff, and adorned them with vibrant murals portraying episodes from Buddhist scripture, luxuriant portraits of Silk Road rulers, and richly detailed scenes of everyday life. The Mogao caves developed into a spiritual and artistic mecca whose renown extended from the Chinese capitals to the far western reaches of Central Asia.
Today there remain more than 490 grottoes, the walls of which are decorated with some 45,000 square meters of wall paintings, making Mogao one of the world’s most significant sites of Buddhist art. This volume contains the proceedings of the second conference on the conservation of Silk Road grotto sites cosponsored by the Getty Conservation Institute and the Dunhuang Academy, under the aegis of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage of the People’s Republic of China.
Foreword
Tim Whalen
Preface
Neville Agnew
Acknowledgments
Neville Agnew
Site Map of the Mogao Grottoes
Map of the Silk Road
China Dynasty Table
Keynote Presentations
Master Plan for the Conservation and Management of the Mogao Grottoes: Preparation and Achievements
Fan Jinshi
Managing Cultural Heritage Sites: Some Parameters for Success
Sharon Sullivan
China’s Policy in Relation to International Exchange and Cooperation in Cultural Heritage Conservation in China
Zhang Wenbin
Choices and Judgment: The Professional Conservator at the Interface
Sharon Cather
PART ONE: International Collaboration
UNESCO Support for Cultural Heritage Conservation in China
Da Xiaofan, translated by Naomi Hellmann
International Cooperation for the Protection of China’s Cultural Heritage
Huang Kezhong
Deterioration and Treatment of Wall Paintings in Grottoes along the Silk Road in China and Related Conservation Efforts
Li Zuixiong
Safeguarding Silk Road Sites in Central Asia
Laurent Lévi-Strauss and Roland Lin
Nomination of the Silk Road in China to UNESCO’s World Heritage List: Proposals for a Strategic Approach and Reference Framework for Heritage Routes
Ron van Oers
PART TWO: Policy and Principles
The Content and Theoretical Significance of the Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China
Jin Hongkui
The Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China—A Critique
Jean-Louis Luxen
The Role of Hebei Province in Developing and Implementing the China Principles
Zhang Lizhu
PART THREE: History and Silk Road Studies
A Place of Safekeeping? The Vicissitudes of the Bezeklik Murals
Susan Whitfield
Perspectives on Photography’s Contribution to Archaeology in Central Asia
John Falconer
Harps on the Ancient Silk Road
Bo Lawergren
Stein and Trinkler on the Rawak: A Mandala Moves East
Fred H. Martinson
PART FOUR: Planning and Management
Conservation and Management of Cultural Heritage Sites on the Silk Road in Kyrgyzstan
Ludmila Akmatova and Jumamedel Imankulov
Visitor Surveys at Mogao: Pioneering the Process, 2002–2004
Li Ping, Sharon Sullivan, Kirsty Altenburg, and Peter Barker
The Challenge of Managing Visitors at the Mogao Grottoes
Kirsty Altenberg, Sharon Sullivan, Li Ping, and Peter Barker
Sustainable Visitation at the Mogao Grottoes: A Methodology for Visitor Carrying Capacity
Martha Demas, Shin Maekawa, Jonathan Bell, and Neville Agnew
Social and Environmental Monitoring as a Tool for Managing Visitor Impact at Jenolan Caves, Australia
Richard Mackay
PART FIVE: Scientific Research
Nature and Distribution of Cohesion Forces in Earthen Building Materials
Henri Van Damme, Mokhtar Zabat, Jean-Paul Laurent, Patrick Dudoignon, Anne Pantet, David Gélard, and Hugo Houben
Geology and Hydrogeology at the Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang
Chikaosa Tanimoto, Chunze Piao, Keigo Koizumi, Shuichi Iwata, Tadashi Masuya, Li Zuixiong, Wang Xudong, and Guo Qinglin
The Influence of Water on the Stone Carvings of the Yungang Grottoes
Huang Jizhong
A Chinese-German Cooperative Project for the Preservation of the Cultural Heritage of Shaanxi Province: Conservation of the Polychrome Clay Sculpture and Investigation of Painting Materials in the Great Hall of the Shuilu’an Buddhist Temple
Catharina Blaensdorf and Ma Tao
Two Methods for the Conservation of the Polychromy of the Terracotta Army of Qin Shihuang: Electron Beam Polymerization of Methacrylic Monomers and Consolidation Using Polyethylene Glycol
Daniela Bathelt and Heinz Langhals
The Stone Armor from the Burial Complex of Qin Shihuang in Lintong, China: Methodology for Excavation, Restoration, and Conservation, including the Use of Cyclododecane, a Volatile Temporary Consolidant
Sandra Bucher and Xia Yin
The Development of Ancient Synthetic Copper-Based Blue and Purple Pigments
Heinz Berke, Armin Portmann, Soraya Bouherour, Ferdinand Wild, Ma Qinglin, and Hans-Georg Wiedemann
Ishkor Glazes of Uzbekistan
Pamela B. Vandiver, Amy Vandiver, Akbar Rakhimov, and Alisher Rakhimov
PART SIX: Examination and Documentation Techniques
Digital Acquisition, Reconstruction, and Virtual Interpretation of Dunhuang Murals
Lu Dongming, Liu Gang, Liu Yang, Diao Changyu
High-Resolution Photography at the Dunhuang Grottoes: Northwestern University’s Role in the Mellon International Dunhuang Archive
Harlan Wallach
Dunhuang Grottoes Conservation and Computer Technologies
Pan Yunhe, Fan Jinshi, and Li Zuixiong
Multispectral Imaging for Easel and Wall Paintings
Haida Liang, David Saunders, John Cupitt, and Christian Lahanier
Scientific Examination of the Traditional Materials and Techniques Used in Yuan Dynasty Wall Paintings
Rocco Mazzeo, Edith Joseph, Silvia Prati, Ma Tao, Gwénaelle Gautier, and Lucien M. van Valen
Documentation and Emergency Treatment of Wall Paintings in the Chamba Lakhang (Maitreya Temple): Developing a Methodology to Conserve Mural Paintings in India’s Ladakh District
Sanjay Dhar
Surveying Paradise: The Conservation Survey of a Yuan Dynasty Wall Painting on a Clay Base
Kathleen M. Garland
Determining the Internal Condition of the Leshan Buddha Statue
Zhong Shihang and Huang Kezhong
PART SEVEN: Methods and Treatment
Types of Weathering of the Huashan Rock Paintings
Guo Hong, Han Rubin, Huang Huaiwu, Lan Riyong, and Xie Riwan
A Study of Support Materials for Mural Paintings in Humid Environments
Ma Qinglin, Chen Genling, Lu Yanling, and Li Zuixiong
Study and Conservation of the Dazhao Temple Wall Painting, Inner Mongolia
Du Xiaoli, translated by Naomi Hellmann
Pigment Analysis and Environmental Monitoring of Murals in the Tang Dynasty Huiling Mausoleum
Yang Mangmang and Zhang Yongjian
Indian Wall Paintings: Analysis of Materials and Techniques
Sekhar Chandra Set
Conservation of Mural Paintings Transferred from a Royal Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty at Shiyuan, Henan Province
Tie Fude
PART EIGHT: Consolidation and Stabilization
Condition, Conservation, and Reinforcement of the Yumen Pass and Hecang Earthen Ruins near Dunhuang
Wang Xudong, Li Zuixiong, and Zhang Lu
Research and Application Methods for Comprehensive Control of Wind-Borne Sand at the Mogao Grottoes
Wang Wanfu, Wang Tao, Zhang Weimin, Li Zuixiong, Wang Xudong, Zhang Guobing, Qiu Fei, and Du Mingyuan
Restoration and Consolidation of Historic Earthen Structures: The Upper and Middle Temple Complexes at the Mogao Grottoes
Sun Yihua, Wang Wanfu, and Fu Qingyuan
Consolidation Studies on Sandstone in the Zhongshan Grotto
He Ling, Jiang Baolin, Zhou Weiqiang, and Zhen Gang
Nonaqueous Dispersions and Their Antiweathering Performance for Earthen Buildings, Monuments, and Archaeological Sites
Zhou Shuanglin, Yuan Sixun, Guo Baofa, and Xia Yin
Consolidation Methods for Cracks at the Qin Terracotta Army Earthen Site
Zhang Zhijun
The Conservation Program for the Castle Ruins of the Guge Kingdom in Ali, Tibet
Wang Hui
PART NINE: Mogao Grottoes Cave 85 Project
Objectives of the Cave 85 Project
Neville Agnew and Li Zuixiong
The Significance of Cave 85
Wang Jinyu
Conservation History and Condition Survey of Cave 85, Mogao Grottoes
Xu Shuqing, Wang Xiaowei, Sun Hongcai, Li Weitang, Francesca Piqué, Lorinda Wong, Leslie Rainer, Li Yunhe, and Zheng Jun
Causes and Mechanisms of Deterioration and Damage in Cave 85
Neville Agnew, Shin Maekawa, and Shuya Wei
Methodology for the Conservation of the Wall Paintings in Cave 85
Francesca Piqué, Lorinda Wong, and Su Bomin
The Role of In Situ Examination in the Technical Investigation of the Cave 85 Paintings
Lisa Shekede, Fan Zaixuan, Francesca Piqu�, and Lorinda Wong
Analytical Research in Cave 85
Michael R. Schilling, Joy Mazurek, David Carson, Su Bomin, Fan Yuquan, and Ma Zanfeng
Asian Organic Colorants: A Collaborative Research Project
Cecily M. Gryzywacz, Jan Wouters, Su Bomin, and Fan Yuquan
Evaluating the Light Sensitivity of Paints in Selected Wall Paintings at the Mogao Grottoes: Caves 217, 98, and 85
James R. Druzik
Origins of Moisture Affecting the Wall Paintings in Cave 85
Shin Maekawa, Liu Gang, Xue Ping, Guo Qinglin, and Hou Wenfang
Development and Testing of the Grouting and Soluble-Salts Reduction Treatments of Cave 85 Wall Paintings
Stephen Rickerby, Lisa Shekede, Fan Zaixuan, Tang Wei, Qiao Hai, Yang Jinjian, and Francesca Piqué
Implementation of Grouting and Salts-Reduction Treatments of Cave 85 Wall Paintings
Stephen Rickerby, Lisa Shekede, Fan Zaixuan, Tang Wei, Qiao Hai, and Yang Jinjian
A Rapid Means of Measuring Residual Salt after Grouting and Poulticing Wall Paintings
Chen Gangquan, Michael R. Schilling, Li Yanfei, Joy Mazurek, Yu Zhongren, and Lisa Shekede
The Information Management System for the Cave 85 Project
Lorinda Wong, Francesca Piqué, Wang Xiaowei, and Xu Shuqing
Contributors
Tim Whalen
Preface
Neville Agnew
Acknowledgments
Neville Agnew
Site Map of the Mogao Grottoes
Map of the Silk Road
China Dynasty Table
Keynote Presentations
Master Plan for the Conservation and Management of the Mogao Grottoes: Preparation and Achievements
Fan Jinshi
Managing Cultural Heritage Sites: Some Parameters for Success
Sharon Sullivan
China’s Policy in Relation to International Exchange and Cooperation in Cultural Heritage Conservation in China
Zhang Wenbin
Choices and Judgment: The Professional Conservator at the Interface
Sharon Cather
PART ONE: International Collaboration
UNESCO Support for Cultural Heritage Conservation in China
Da Xiaofan, translated by Naomi Hellmann
International Cooperation for the Protection of China’s Cultural Heritage
Huang Kezhong
Deterioration and Treatment of Wall Paintings in Grottoes along the Silk Road in China and Related Conservation Efforts
Li Zuixiong
Safeguarding Silk Road Sites in Central Asia
Laurent Lévi-Strauss and Roland Lin
Nomination of the Silk Road in China to UNESCO’s World Heritage List: Proposals for a Strategic Approach and Reference Framework for Heritage Routes
Ron van Oers
PART TWO: Policy and Principles
The Content and Theoretical Significance of the Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China
Jin Hongkui
The Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China—A Critique
Jean-Louis Luxen
The Role of Hebei Province in Developing and Implementing the China Principles
Zhang Lizhu
PART THREE: History and Silk Road Studies
A Place of Safekeeping? The Vicissitudes of the Bezeklik Murals
Susan Whitfield
Perspectives on Photography’s Contribution to Archaeology in Central Asia
John Falconer
Harps on the Ancient Silk Road
Bo Lawergren
Stein and Trinkler on the Rawak: A Mandala Moves East
Fred H. Martinson
PART FOUR: Planning and Management
Conservation and Management of Cultural Heritage Sites on the Silk Road in Kyrgyzstan
Ludmila Akmatova and Jumamedel Imankulov
Visitor Surveys at Mogao: Pioneering the Process, 2002–2004
Li Ping, Sharon Sullivan, Kirsty Altenburg, and Peter Barker
The Challenge of Managing Visitors at the Mogao Grottoes
Kirsty Altenberg, Sharon Sullivan, Li Ping, and Peter Barker
Sustainable Visitation at the Mogao Grottoes: A Methodology for Visitor Carrying Capacity
Martha Demas, Shin Maekawa, Jonathan Bell, and Neville Agnew
Social and Environmental Monitoring as a Tool for Managing Visitor Impact at Jenolan Caves, Australia
Richard Mackay
PART FIVE: Scientific Research
Nature and Distribution of Cohesion Forces in Earthen Building Materials
Henri Van Damme, Mokhtar Zabat, Jean-Paul Laurent, Patrick Dudoignon, Anne Pantet, David Gélard, and Hugo Houben
Geology and Hydrogeology at the Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang
Chikaosa Tanimoto, Chunze Piao, Keigo Koizumi, Shuichi Iwata, Tadashi Masuya, Li Zuixiong, Wang Xudong, and Guo Qinglin
The Influence of Water on the Stone Carvings of the Yungang Grottoes
Huang Jizhong
A Chinese-German Cooperative Project for the Preservation of the Cultural Heritage of Shaanxi Province: Conservation of the Polychrome Clay Sculpture and Investigation of Painting Materials in the Great Hall of the Shuilu’an Buddhist Temple
Catharina Blaensdorf and Ma Tao
Two Methods for the Conservation of the Polychromy of the Terracotta Army of Qin Shihuang: Electron Beam Polymerization of Methacrylic Monomers and Consolidation Using Polyethylene Glycol
Daniela Bathelt and Heinz Langhals
The Stone Armor from the Burial Complex of Qin Shihuang in Lintong, China: Methodology for Excavation, Restoration, and Conservation, including the Use of Cyclododecane, a Volatile Temporary Consolidant
Sandra Bucher and Xia Yin
The Development of Ancient Synthetic Copper-Based Blue and Purple Pigments
Heinz Berke, Armin Portmann, Soraya Bouherour, Ferdinand Wild, Ma Qinglin, and Hans-Georg Wiedemann
Ishkor Glazes of Uzbekistan
Pamela B. Vandiver, Amy Vandiver, Akbar Rakhimov, and Alisher Rakhimov
PART SIX: Examination and Documentation Techniques
Digital Acquisition, Reconstruction, and Virtual Interpretation of Dunhuang Murals
Lu Dongming, Liu Gang, Liu Yang, Diao Changyu
High-Resolution Photography at the Dunhuang Grottoes: Northwestern University’s Role in the Mellon International Dunhuang Archive
Harlan Wallach
Dunhuang Grottoes Conservation and Computer Technologies
Pan Yunhe, Fan Jinshi, and Li Zuixiong
Multispectral Imaging for Easel and Wall Paintings
Haida Liang, David Saunders, John Cupitt, and Christian Lahanier
Scientific Examination of the Traditional Materials and Techniques Used in Yuan Dynasty Wall Paintings
Rocco Mazzeo, Edith Joseph, Silvia Prati, Ma Tao, Gwénaelle Gautier, and Lucien M. van Valen
Documentation and Emergency Treatment of Wall Paintings in the Chamba Lakhang (Maitreya Temple): Developing a Methodology to Conserve Mural Paintings in India’s Ladakh District
Sanjay Dhar
Surveying Paradise: The Conservation Survey of a Yuan Dynasty Wall Painting on a Clay Base
Kathleen M. Garland
Determining the Internal Condition of the Leshan Buddha Statue
Zhong Shihang and Huang Kezhong
PART SEVEN: Methods and Treatment
Types of Weathering of the Huashan Rock Paintings
Guo Hong, Han Rubin, Huang Huaiwu, Lan Riyong, and Xie Riwan
A Study of Support Materials for Mural Paintings in Humid Environments
Ma Qinglin, Chen Genling, Lu Yanling, and Li Zuixiong
Study and Conservation of the Dazhao Temple Wall Painting, Inner Mongolia
Du Xiaoli, translated by Naomi Hellmann
Pigment Analysis and Environmental Monitoring of Murals in the Tang Dynasty Huiling Mausoleum
Yang Mangmang and Zhang Yongjian
Indian Wall Paintings: Analysis of Materials and Techniques
Sekhar Chandra Set
Conservation of Mural Paintings Transferred from a Royal Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty at Shiyuan, Henan Province
Tie Fude
PART EIGHT: Consolidation and Stabilization
Condition, Conservation, and Reinforcement of the Yumen Pass and Hecang Earthen Ruins near Dunhuang
Wang Xudong, Li Zuixiong, and Zhang Lu
Research and Application Methods for Comprehensive Control of Wind-Borne Sand at the Mogao Grottoes
Wang Wanfu, Wang Tao, Zhang Weimin, Li Zuixiong, Wang Xudong, Zhang Guobing, Qiu Fei, and Du Mingyuan
Restoration and Consolidation of Historic Earthen Structures: The Upper and Middle Temple Complexes at the Mogao Grottoes
Sun Yihua, Wang Wanfu, and Fu Qingyuan
Consolidation Studies on Sandstone in the Zhongshan Grotto
He Ling, Jiang Baolin, Zhou Weiqiang, and Zhen Gang
Nonaqueous Dispersions and Their Antiweathering Performance for Earthen Buildings, Monuments, and Archaeological Sites
Zhou Shuanglin, Yuan Sixun, Guo Baofa, and Xia Yin
Consolidation Methods for Cracks at the Qin Terracotta Army Earthen Site
Zhang Zhijun
The Conservation Program for the Castle Ruins of the Guge Kingdom in Ali, Tibet
Wang Hui
PART NINE: Mogao Grottoes Cave 85 Project
Objectives of the Cave 85 Project
Neville Agnew and Li Zuixiong
The Significance of Cave 85
Wang Jinyu
Conservation History and Condition Survey of Cave 85, Mogao Grottoes
Xu Shuqing, Wang Xiaowei, Sun Hongcai, Li Weitang, Francesca Piqué, Lorinda Wong, Leslie Rainer, Li Yunhe, and Zheng Jun
Causes and Mechanisms of Deterioration and Damage in Cave 85
Neville Agnew, Shin Maekawa, and Shuya Wei
Methodology for the Conservation of the Wall Paintings in Cave 85
Francesca Piqué, Lorinda Wong, and Su Bomin
The Role of In Situ Examination in the Technical Investigation of the Cave 85 Paintings
Lisa Shekede, Fan Zaixuan, Francesca Piqu�, and Lorinda Wong
Analytical Research in Cave 85
Michael R. Schilling, Joy Mazurek, David Carson, Su Bomin, Fan Yuquan, and Ma Zanfeng
Asian Organic Colorants: A Collaborative Research Project
Cecily M. Gryzywacz, Jan Wouters, Su Bomin, and Fan Yuquan
Evaluating the Light Sensitivity of Paints in Selected Wall Paintings at the Mogao Grottoes: Caves 217, 98, and 85
James R. Druzik
Origins of Moisture Affecting the Wall Paintings in Cave 85
Shin Maekawa, Liu Gang, Xue Ping, Guo Qinglin, and Hou Wenfang
Development and Testing of the Grouting and Soluble-Salts Reduction Treatments of Cave 85 Wall Paintings
Stephen Rickerby, Lisa Shekede, Fan Zaixuan, Tang Wei, Qiao Hai, Yang Jinjian, and Francesca Piqué
Implementation of Grouting and Salts-Reduction Treatments of Cave 85 Wall Paintings
Stephen Rickerby, Lisa Shekede, Fan Zaixuan, Tang Wei, Qiao Hai, and Yang Jinjian
A Rapid Means of Measuring Residual Salt after Grouting and Poulticing Wall Paintings
Chen Gangquan, Michael R. Schilling, Li Yanfei, Joy Mazurek, Yu Zhongren, and Lisa Shekede
The Information Management System for the Cave 85 Project
Lorinda Wong, Francesca Piqué, Wang Xiaowei, and Xu Shuqing
Contributors
Neville Agnew joined the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) in 1988. He has a Ph.D. in chemistry and worked in academia in South Africa and Australia prior to changing to conservation in 1980. He has participated in many of the GCI’s projects and has led the initiative in China since its beginning in 1989. He is the author of publications in research chemistry and conservation, including (with two coauthors) Cave Temples of Mogao. Agnew has served on the editorial board of the journal Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites and on the board of the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training (a program of the U.S. National Park Service). His association with conservation in China has resulted in a number of awards: the Friendship Award of the State Council in 2000, the International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Award of the PRC in 2005, and awards from Gansu province and the Dunhuang Academy. He is currently senior principal project specialist in the Field Projects department of the GCI.
Neville Agnew, "Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road"
